SP-303, an antiviral oligomeric proanthocyanidin from the latex of Croton lechleri (Sangre de Drago).
Identifieur interne : 001E20 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001E19; suivant : 001E21SP-303, an antiviral oligomeric proanthocyanidin from the latex of Croton lechleri (Sangre de Drago).
Auteurs : R. Ubillas [États-Unis] ; S. D. Jolad [États-Unis] ; R. C. Bruening [États-Unis] ; M. R. Kernan [États-Unis] ; S. R. King [États-Unis] ; D. F. Sesin [États-Unis] ; M. Barrett [États-Unis] ; C. A. Stoddart [États-Unis] ; T. Flaster [États-Unis] ; J. Kuo [États-Unis] ; F. Ayala [États-Unis] ; E. Meza [États-Unis] ; M. Casta El [États-Unis] ; D. Mcmeekin [États-Unis] ; E. Rozhon [États-Unis] ; M. S. Tempesta [États-Unis] ; D. Barnard [États-Unis] ; J. Huffman [États-Unis] ; D. Smee [États-Unis] ; R. Sidwell [États-Unis] ; K. Soike [États-Unis] ; A. Brazier [États-Unis] ; S. Safrin [États-Unis] ; R. Orlando [Japon] ; P. T. M. Kenny [Japon] ; N. Berova [États-Unis, Bulgarie] ; K. Nakanishi [États-Unis]Source :
- Phytomedicine [ 0944-7113 ] ; 1994.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Teeft :
- Absolute stereochemistries, Academic press, Acvs viruses, Acyclovir, Adsorption, Aerosol inhalation, Agents chemo, Amazonian ecuador, Animal models, Antimicrob, Antiviral, Antiviral activities, Antiviral activity, Antiviral agents, Antiviral assay, Antiviral compounds, Antiviral effect, Antiviral mechanism, Antiviral research, Aqueous acetone, Assay, Atcc, Atom bombardment mass spectrum, Average chain length, Average formula, Baylor, Baylor university, Binding studies, Boca raton, Carboxymethyl cellulose, Catechin, Cell culture, Cell culture medium, Cell lines, Cellular viability, Central america, Chain lengths, Chemical shifts, Circular dichroism spectra, Clin signs, Clinical chemistry parameters, Clinical signs, Cofan indians, Control animals, Cotton rats, Croton, Croton lechleri, Croton species, Cytoplasmic vacuoles, Cytotoxic, Cytotoxic endpoint, Dark discoloration, Determ ined, Different concentrations, Dos, Dosage, Dosage group, Dosage groups, Dosage level, Dosage levels, Dosage route, Dosing, Dosing period, Dosing study, Drago, Ecuador, Edso, Edso values, Elemental analyses, Endpoint, Epicatechin, Estudio preliminar, Ethyl acetate, Experimental conditions, Experimental parameters, Experimental range, Fabms, Female rats, Final product, Flavanoid units, Flow rate, Foreskin fibroblast, Gallocatechin, Genital lesions, Genus croton, Grain size, Green monkey, Guinea, Guinea pigs, Hepatitis, Herpes, Herpes simplex virus type, Herpes viruses, High dose, High dose females, High vacuum, Highest concentration, Histiocyte, Incubation period, Indigenous names, Individual units, Influenza, Influenza virus, Influenza virus infection, Inhalation, Inhalation route, Inhibitory, Inhibitory activity, Inhibitory concentration, Inhibitory endpoints, Intraperitoneal administration, Intravenous, Intravenous administration, Large body, Latex, Lechleri, Lesion, Loglo tcid, Magic bullet, Management plans, Mass spectra, Measles viru, Mesenteric lymph nodes, Mglkg, Mglkg infusion, Mobile phase, Molecular weight, Molecular weight range, Monomer, Monomeric units, Natural products, Nucleoside analogues, Oligomer, Oral administration, Oral dosage, Oral gavage, Other studies, Parainfluenza virus type, Peak apex, Permeation, Permeation chromatogram, Permeation chromatography, Phosphate buffer, Photo diode array detector, Placebo, Placebo groups, Plaque, Plaque neutralization assay, Plaque reduction assay, Plasma membrane, Polymer, Polymer laboratories, Polymeric proanthocyanidins, Polystyrene standards, Positive controls, Proanthocyanidin, Proanthocyanidin oligomer, Proanthocyanidin polymer, Proanthocyanidin polymers, Proanthocyanidins, Procyanidinlprodelphinidin units, Prophylactic regimen, Prophylactic study, Proton assignments, Pulmonary titers, Rat, Raven press, Recovery animals, Recovery period, Regimen, Relative stereochemistry, Replication, Respiratory syncytial virus, Respiratory viruses, Reticuloendothelial system, Rhinovirus, Ribavirin, Sangre, Second edition fields, Selectivity index, Sephadex column, Shaman, Shaman pharmaceuticals, Significant cornpared, Significant efficacy, Significant findings, Significant reductions, Simplex, Single dose toxicity studies, Single study, Small amount, Small particle aerosol, Small quantities, Source species, Southern brazil, Southern research institute, Species study, Specific rotation, Specific rotation data, Spectral data, Stereochemistries, Stereochemistry, Syncytial, Synt hesis, Tannin, Terminal unit, Terminal units, Test compound, Thymidine kinase, Time curve, Titer, Topical application, Topical treatment, Toxicity, Ubillas, Uninfected cells, Utah state university, Vacuum oven, Vaginal infection, Vaginal wash, Vira, Viral, Viral adsorption period, Viral attachment, Viral diseases, Viral effect, Viral envelope, Viral families, Viral infection, Viral particle, Viral replication, Viral titers, Virucidal test, Virus, Virus replication, Weight distribution, Weight loss, Whittaker atcc, Wound healing agent, Wyde.
Abstract
Summary: SP-303, a large proanthocyanidin oligomer isolated from the latex of the plant species Croton lechleri (Eupborbiaceae) has demonstrated broad activity against a variety of DNA and RNA viruses. In cell culture, SP-303 exhibits potent activity against isolates and laboratory strains of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A virus (FLU-A) and parainfluenza virus (PIV). Parallel assays of SP-303 and ribavirin showed comparable activity against these viruses. SP-303 also exhibits significant inhibitory activity against herpesvirus (HSV) types 1 and 2, including herpesviruses resistant to acyclovir and foscarnet. Inhibition was also observed against hepatitis A and B viruses. The antiviral mechanism of SP-303 seems to derive from its direct binding to components of the viral envelope, resulting in inhibition of viral attachment and penetration of the plasma membrane. Antiviral effects of SP-303 were measured by three distinct methods: CPE, MTT and precursor uptake/incorporation. Cytotoxicity endpoints were markedly greater than the respective antiviral endpoints. SP-303 exhibited activity in RSV-infected cotton rats and African green monkeys, PIV-3-infected cotton rats, HSV-2 infected mice and guinea pigs and FLU-A-infected mice. The most successful routes of SP-303 administration for producing efficacy were: topical application to HSV-2- genital lesions in mice and guinea pigs, aerosol inhalation to FLU-A-infected mice and PIV-3-infected cotton rats, and oral dosage to RSV-infected cotton rats. A variety of toxicological evaluations demonstrated the safety of SP-303, particularly orally, which was predictable, since condensed tannins are a common dietary component. It is notable that the larger proanthocyanidins as a class have high antiviral activity, whereas most of the monomers are inactive. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate SP-303 as a therapeutic antiviral agent.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80026-7
Affiliations:
- Bulgarie, Japon, États-Unis
- Alabama, Californie, Louisiane, Sofia-ville (oblast), Utah, État de New York
- New York, Sofia
- Université Columbia
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Istex, to step Corpus: 001759
- to stream Istex, to step Curation: 001759
- to stream Istex, to step Checkpoint: 000B91
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 001F02
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 001E20
Le document en format XML
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Casta El</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Shaman Pharmaceuticals, 213 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4812</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmeekin, D" sort="Mcmeekin, D" uniqKey="Mcmeekin D" first="D." last="Mcmeekin">D. Mcmeekin</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Shaman Pharmaceuticals, 213 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4812</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rozhon, E" sort="Rozhon, E" uniqKey="Rozhon E" first="E." last="Rozhon">E. Rozhon</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Shaman Pharmaceuticals, 213 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4812</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tempesta, M S" sort="Tempesta, M S" uniqKey="Tempesta M" first="M. S." last="Tempesta">M. S. Tempesta</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Shaman Pharmaceuticals, 213 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4812</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>*Address: M.S. Tempesta, Shaman Pharmaceuticals, 213 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4812</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barnard, D" sort="Barnard, D" uniqKey="Barnard D" first="D." last="Barnard">D. Barnard</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Utah</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huffman, J" sort="Huffman, J" uniqKey="Huffman J" first="J." last="Huffman">J. Huffman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Utah</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smee, D" sort="Smee, D" uniqKey="Smee D" first="D." last="Smee">D. Smee</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Utah</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sidwell, R" sort="Sidwell, R" uniqKey="Sidwell R" first="R." last="Sidwell">R. Sidwell</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Utah</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soike, K" sort="Soike, K" uniqKey="Soike K" first="K." last="Soike">K. Soike</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Tulane Regional Primate center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Louisiane</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brazier, A" sort="Brazier, A" uniqKey="Brazier A" first="A." last="Brazier">A. Brazier</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Safrin, S" sort="Safrin, S" uniqKey="Safrin S" first="S." last="Safrin">S. Safrin</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>San Francisco, General Hospital, Infectious Diseases, Building 80, Ward 84, 998 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orlando, R" sort="Orlando, R" uniqKey="Orlando R" first="R." last="Orlando">R. Orlando</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research (SUNBOR), Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osaka 618</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kenny, P T M" sort="Kenny, P T M" uniqKey="Kenny P" first="P. T. M." last="Kenny">P. T. M. Kenny</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research (SUNBOR), Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osaka 618</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berova, N" sort="Berova, N" uniqKey="Berova N" first="N." last="Berova">N. Berova</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region><settlement type="city">New York</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><country xml:lang="fr">Bulgarie</country><wicri:regionArea>1on leave of absence from the Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sofia</settlement><region nuts="2">Sofia-ville (oblast)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakanishi, K" sort="Nakanishi, K" uniqKey="Nakanishi K" first="K." last="Nakanishi">K. Nakanishi</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region><settlement type="city">New York</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Phytomedicine</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">PHYMED</title><idno type="ISSN">0944-7113</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="1994">1994</date><biblScope unit="volume">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="77">77</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="106">106</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0944-7113</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0944-7113</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Croton lechleri (sangre de drago)</term><term>antiviral activity</term><term>oligomeric procyanidin SP-303</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Absolute stereochemistries</term><term>Academic press</term><term>Acvs viruses</term><term>Acyclovir</term><term>Adsorption</term><term>Aerosol inhalation</term><term>Agents chemo</term><term>Amazonian ecuador</term><term>Animal models</term><term>Antimicrob</term><term>Antiviral</term><term>Antiviral activities</term><term>Antiviral activity</term><term>Antiviral agents</term><term>Antiviral assay</term><term>Antiviral compounds</term><term>Antiviral effect</term><term>Antiviral mechanism</term><term>Antiviral research</term><term>Aqueous acetone</term><term>Assay</term><term>Atcc</term><term>Atom bombardment mass spectrum</term><term>Average chain length</term><term>Average formula</term><term>Baylor</term><term>Baylor university</term><term>Binding studies</term><term>Boca raton</term><term>Carboxymethyl cellulose</term><term>Catechin</term><term>Cell culture</term><term>Cell culture medium</term><term>Cell lines</term><term>Cellular viability</term><term>Central america</term><term>Chain lengths</term><term>Chemical shifts</term><term>Circular dichroism spectra</term><term>Clin signs</term><term>Clinical chemistry parameters</term><term>Clinical signs</term><term>Cofan indians</term><term>Control animals</term><term>Cotton rats</term><term>Croton</term><term>Croton lechleri</term><term>Croton species</term><term>Cytoplasmic vacuoles</term><term>Cytotoxic</term><term>Cytotoxic endpoint</term><term>Dark discoloration</term><term>Determ ined</term><term>Different concentrations</term><term>Dos</term><term>Dosage</term><term>Dosage group</term><term>Dosage groups</term><term>Dosage level</term><term>Dosage levels</term><term>Dosage route</term><term>Dosing</term><term>Dosing period</term><term>Dosing study</term><term>Drago</term><term>Ecuador</term><term>Edso</term><term>Edso values</term><term>Elemental analyses</term><term>Endpoint</term><term>Epicatechin</term><term>Estudio preliminar</term><term>Ethyl acetate</term><term>Experimental conditions</term><term>Experimental parameters</term><term>Experimental range</term><term>Fabms</term><term>Female rats</term><term>Final product</term><term>Flavanoid units</term><term>Flow rate</term><term>Foreskin fibroblast</term><term>Gallocatechin</term><term>Genital lesions</term><term>Genus croton</term><term>Grain size</term><term>Green monkey</term><term>Guinea</term><term>Guinea pigs</term><term>Hepatitis</term><term>Herpes</term><term>Herpes simplex virus type</term><term>Herpes viruses</term><term>High dose</term><term>High dose females</term><term>High vacuum</term><term>Highest concentration</term><term>Histiocyte</term><term>Incubation period</term><term>Indigenous names</term><term>Individual units</term><term>Influenza</term><term>Influenza virus</term><term>Influenza virus infection</term><term>Inhalation</term><term>Inhalation route</term><term>Inhibitory</term><term>Inhibitory activity</term><term>Inhibitory concentration</term><term>Inhibitory endpoints</term><term>Intraperitoneal administration</term><term>Intravenous</term><term>Intravenous administration</term><term>Large body</term><term>Latex</term><term>Lechleri</term><term>Lesion</term><term>Loglo tcid</term><term>Magic bullet</term><term>Management plans</term><term>Mass spectra</term><term>Measles viru</term><term>Mesenteric lymph nodes</term><term>Mglkg</term><term>Mglkg infusion</term><term>Mobile phase</term><term>Molecular weight</term><term>Molecular weight range</term><term>Monomer</term><term>Monomeric units</term><term>Natural products</term><term>Nucleoside analogues</term><term>Oligomer</term><term>Oral administration</term><term>Oral dosage</term><term>Oral gavage</term><term>Other studies</term><term>Parainfluenza virus type</term><term>Peak apex</term><term>Permeation</term><term>Permeation chromatogram</term><term>Permeation chromatography</term><term>Phosphate buffer</term><term>Photo diode array detector</term><term>Placebo</term><term>Placebo groups</term><term>Plaque</term><term>Plaque neutralization assay</term><term>Plaque reduction assay</term><term>Plasma membrane</term><term>Polymer</term><term>Polymer laboratories</term><term>Polymeric proanthocyanidins</term><term>Polystyrene standards</term><term>Positive controls</term><term>Proanthocyanidin</term><term>Proanthocyanidin oligomer</term><term>Proanthocyanidin polymer</term><term>Proanthocyanidin polymers</term><term>Proanthocyanidins</term><term>Procyanidinlprodelphinidin units</term><term>Prophylactic regimen</term><term>Prophylactic study</term><term>Proton assignments</term><term>Pulmonary titers</term><term>Rat</term><term>Raven press</term><term>Recovery animals</term><term>Recovery period</term><term>Regimen</term><term>Relative stereochemistry</term><term>Replication</term><term>Respiratory syncytial virus</term><term>Respiratory viruses</term><term>Reticuloendothelial system</term><term>Rhinovirus</term><term>Ribavirin</term><term>Sangre</term><term>Second edition fields</term><term>Selectivity index</term><term>Sephadex column</term><term>Shaman</term><term>Shaman pharmaceuticals</term><term>Significant cornpared</term><term>Significant efficacy</term><term>Significant findings</term><term>Significant reductions</term><term>Simplex</term><term>Single dose toxicity studies</term><term>Single study</term><term>Small amount</term><term>Small particle aerosol</term><term>Small quantities</term><term>Source species</term><term>Southern brazil</term><term>Southern research institute</term><term>Species study</term><term>Specific rotation</term><term>Specific rotation data</term><term>Spectral data</term><term>Stereochemistries</term><term>Stereochemistry</term><term>Syncytial</term><term>Synt hesis</term><term>Tannin</term><term>Terminal unit</term><term>Terminal units</term><term>Test compound</term><term>Thymidine kinase</term><term>Time curve</term><term>Titer</term><term>Topical application</term><term>Topical treatment</term><term>Toxicity</term><term>Ubillas</term><term>Uninfected cells</term><term>Utah state university</term><term>Vacuum oven</term><term>Vaginal infection</term><term>Vaginal wash</term><term>Vira</term><term>Viral</term><term>Viral adsorption period</term><term>Viral attachment</term><term>Viral diseases</term><term>Viral effect</term><term>Viral envelope</term><term>Viral families</term><term>Viral infection</term><term>Viral particle</term><term>Viral replication</term><term>Viral titers</term><term>Virucidal test</term><term>Virus</term><term>Virus replication</term><term>Weight distribution</term><term>Weight loss</term><term>Whittaker atcc</term><term>Wound healing agent</term><term>Wyde</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Summary: SP-303, a large proanthocyanidin oligomer isolated from the latex of the plant species Croton lechleri (Eupborbiaceae) has demonstrated broad activity against a variety of DNA and RNA viruses. In cell culture, SP-303 exhibits potent activity against isolates and laboratory strains of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza A virus (FLU-A) and parainfluenza virus (PIV). Parallel assays of SP-303 and ribavirin showed comparable activity against these viruses. SP-303 also exhibits significant inhibitory activity against herpesvirus (HSV) types 1 and 2, including herpesviruses resistant to acyclovir and foscarnet. Inhibition was also observed against hepatitis A and B viruses. The antiviral mechanism of SP-303 seems to derive from its direct binding to components of the viral envelope, resulting in inhibition of viral attachment and penetration of the plasma membrane. Antiviral effects of SP-303 were measured by three distinct methods: CPE, MTT and precursor uptake/incorporation. Cytotoxicity endpoints were markedly greater than the respective antiviral endpoints. SP-303 exhibited activity in RSV-infected cotton rats and African green monkeys, PIV-3-infected cotton rats, HSV-2 infected mice and guinea pigs and FLU-A-infected mice. The most successful routes of SP-303 administration for producing efficacy were: topical application to HSV-2- genital lesions in mice and guinea pigs, aerosol inhalation to FLU-A-infected mice and PIV-3-infected cotton rats, and oral dosage to RSV-infected cotton rats. A variety of toxicological evaluations demonstrated the safety of SP-303, particularly orally, which was predictable, since condensed tannins are a common dietary component. It is notable that the larger proanthocyanidins as a class have high antiviral activity, whereas most of the monomers are inactive. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate SP-303 as a therapeutic antiviral agent.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Bulgarie</li><li>Japon</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Alabama</li><li>Californie</li><li>Louisiane</li><li>Sofia-ville (oblast)</li><li>Utah</li><li>État de New York</li></region><settlement><li>New York</li><li>Sofia</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Columbia</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Ubillas, R" sort="Ubillas, R" uniqKey="Ubillas R" first="R." last="Ubillas">R. Ubillas</name></region><name sortKey="Ayala, F" sort="Ayala, F" uniqKey="Ayala F" first="F." last="Ayala">F. Ayala</name><name sortKey="Barnard, D" sort="Barnard, D" uniqKey="Barnard D" first="D." last="Barnard">D. Barnard</name><name sortKey="Barrett, M" sort="Barrett, M" uniqKey="Barrett M" first="M." last="Barrett">M. Barrett</name><name sortKey="Berova, N" sort="Berova, N" uniqKey="Berova N" first="N." last="Berova">N. Berova</name><name sortKey="Brazier, A" sort="Brazier, A" uniqKey="Brazier A" first="A." last="Brazier">A. Brazier</name><name sortKey="Bruening, R C" sort="Bruening, R C" uniqKey="Bruening R" first="R. C." last="Bruening">R. C. Bruening</name><name sortKey="Casta El, M" sort="Casta El, M" uniqKey="Casta El M" first="M." last="Casta El">M. Casta El</name><name sortKey="Flaster, T" sort="Flaster, T" uniqKey="Flaster T" first="T." last="Flaster">T. Flaster</name><name sortKey="Huffman, J" sort="Huffman, J" uniqKey="Huffman J" first="J." last="Huffman">J. Huffman</name><name sortKey="Jolad, S D" sort="Jolad, S D" uniqKey="Jolad S" first="S. D." last="Jolad">S. D. Jolad</name><name sortKey="Kernan, M R" sort="Kernan, M R" uniqKey="Kernan M" first="M. R." last="Kernan">M. R. Kernan</name><name sortKey="King, S R" sort="King, S R" uniqKey="King S" first="S. R." last="King">S. R. King</name><name sortKey="Kuo, J" sort="Kuo, J" uniqKey="Kuo J" first="J." last="Kuo">J. Kuo</name><name sortKey="Mcmeekin, D" sort="Mcmeekin, D" uniqKey="Mcmeekin D" first="D." last="Mcmeekin">D. Mcmeekin</name><name sortKey="Meza, E" sort="Meza, E" uniqKey="Meza E" first="E." last="Meza">E. Meza</name><name sortKey="Nakanishi, K" sort="Nakanishi, K" uniqKey="Nakanishi K" first="K." last="Nakanishi">K. Nakanishi</name><name sortKey="Rozhon, E" sort="Rozhon, E" uniqKey="Rozhon E" first="E." last="Rozhon">E. Rozhon</name><name sortKey="Safrin, S" sort="Safrin, S" uniqKey="Safrin S" first="S." last="Safrin">S. Safrin</name><name sortKey="Sesin, D F" sort="Sesin, D F" uniqKey="Sesin D" first="D. F." last="Sesin">D. F. Sesin</name><name sortKey="Sidwell, R" sort="Sidwell, R" uniqKey="Sidwell R" first="R." last="Sidwell">R. Sidwell</name><name sortKey="Smee, D" sort="Smee, D" uniqKey="Smee D" first="D." last="Smee">D. Smee</name><name sortKey="Soike, K" sort="Soike, K" uniqKey="Soike K" first="K." last="Soike">K. Soike</name><name sortKey="Stoddart, C A" sort="Stoddart, C A" uniqKey="Stoddart C" first="C. A." last="Stoddart">C. A. Stoddart</name><name sortKey="Tempesta, M S" sort="Tempesta, M S" uniqKey="Tempesta M" first="M. S." last="Tempesta">M. S. Tempesta</name><name sortKey="Tempesta, M S" sort="Tempesta, M S" uniqKey="Tempesta M" first="M. S." last="Tempesta">M. S. Tempesta</name></country><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Orlando, R" sort="Orlando, R" uniqKey="Orlando R" first="R." last="Orlando">R. Orlando</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kenny, P T M" sort="Kenny, P T M" uniqKey="Kenny P" first="P. T. M." last="Kenny">P. T. M. Kenny</name></country><country name="Bulgarie"><region name="Sofia-ville (oblast)"><name sortKey="Berova, N" sort="Berova, N" uniqKey="Berova N" first="N." last="Berova">N. 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